Pile driving is the process which the piling machine drives the piles into the ground, the purpose is to strengthen the soft soil so that the soil able to support the weights or load of the buildings. Besides of building, piling also been using in bridges and wharf. Piles can be made of structural steel, pressure treated timber, hollow steel casing, reinforced concrete, or prestressed concrete. Types of piles used is depending on the condition of soil and surround environment, it may affect the total cost of piling works.

Sketch For Pile Driving

In the process of pile driving, it requires few piling equipment such as piles, piling machine, pile hammer, cushions and etc. Here is the sketch and rough definitions for pile driving :

1) Crane
Crane or piling machine is used to drive the piles into the ground.

2) Hammer
Hammer normally made from steel. It’s used to knock on the top of pile and drive the pile into the ground.

3) Cushion
Cushion is used to put at the top of pile which the place that hammer will hit on. The purpose is to reduce the friction between pile and hammer, so that the pile will not be crack easily.

4) Leads
Leads is used to support the hammer and handle the pile vertically. Leads will be handled by crane or piling machine.

5) Pile
Pile is the structure that will be driven into the earth to strength the soft soil and carry the load of buildings.

6) Template
Template is like a framework that used to carry the pile, so that the pile can be driven in the right pile point.

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Contractors use sheet pile as a temporary supportive wall which is used to support the soft soil collapsed from higher ground to lower ground. Sheet pile is commonly used in the construction and has variety types of material for sheet pile. The price for variety types of material for sheet pile is different, the driving method can be in variety ways as well. Contractors might need to determine the condition of soil then only can decide which type of sheet pile can be used.

Simple Guide On How To Install Sheet Pile

Sheet pile installation can’t be done by piling contractor while there is specialist contractor for sheet pile to do the installation. Here is a rough installation procedure for sheet pile :

1) Pile Driving Equipment
Before starting driving sheet pile, a few equipments have to be prepared such as driving hammers and jetting equipment. The driving energy for hammers shall be recommended by the manufacturer so that it’s applicable to relevant sheet pile. While jetting equipment shall have a minimum of two removable or fixed jets of the water or be a combination of air a water type.

2) Placing and Driving
After preparing all the sheet pile driving equipments, sheet piles can be started to place on the location that shown in the construction drawings. Temporary wales, templates, or guide structures have to be carried on to ensure the sheet pilings are placed and driven to the correct alignment.

After the sheet piles is set on place, jetting machine will be starting to driving the sheet piles. Sheet piles have to be driven with the proper size of hammer and by approved methods to ensure no damage to the sheet piles and proper interlocking throughout their lengths. A protecting cap shall be employed on the tops of sheet pile to prevent damage during driving with hammer.

3) Cutting-Off and Splicing
After driving the sheet piles into the ground, if contractor find that they need additional penetration, splicing or jointing works will be carried on. Driving works will be done again for the sheet piles until it reaches its’ limit on the ground. After this, excessive of sheet pile will be cutting-off and removed from the site. All cutting-off work must be done in a neat and workmanlike manner for safety purpose.

4) Inspection of Driven Piling
The contractor shall inspect the interlocked joints of driven sheet piles extending above ground. If contractor find out that the sheet piles are out of interlock, then the sheet piles have to be removed and replaced with a new sheet pile.

5) Pulling and Redriving
After the inspection of driven piling, another similar process has to be carried on which is called pulling and redriving. The contractor shall pull selected sheet piles to determine the condition of the underground portions of sheet piles. If contractor found any damages to the extent that its usefulness in the structure is impaired, then the sheet piles have to be removed and replaced with a new sheet pile.

Thanks the following website for providing useful information.
Source : Sheet Pile

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Sheet pile is one of type of piling, one of the difference between normal pile and sheet pile is sheet pile used as temporary while normal pile used as permanent. Sheet pile can be made from many types of materials such as steel, plastic, wood, vinyl, recast concrete, and fiberglass. While the most common material to be used for sheet pile is steel sheet pile.

Sheet pile is act as a temporary supportive wall that been driven into a slope or excavation to support the soft soils collapse from higher ground to lower ground.

Sheet Pile Applications

Sheet piling can be applied in many common environmental applications, sheet piles are wisely used in the following fields of application :

* Retaining walls
* Bridge abutments
* Tunnels
* Pumping station
* Water treatment plants
* Basements
* Underground car parks
* Port facilities
* Locks and dams
* Waterfront structures
* Piled foundations
* Excavations and trenches
* Landfill
* Cofferdams
* Ground Water Diversion/Control
* Barrier for Ground Water Treatment Systems
* Containment Walls
* Flood Protection
* Coastal Protection
* Tunnel Cut and Cover
* Bulkheads and Seawalls
* Weir Walls
* Slope Stabilization
* Baffle Walls

Driving Method

There is few driving method for sheet pile driving such as pitch and drive, panel driving and staggered driving.

1) Pitch and Drive
Pitch and drive is the simplest method for sheet pile driving, it involves driving each sheet pile to full depth before pitching the next one. However it is only suitable for loose soils and short piles.

2) Panel Driving
The purpose of using panel driving is to ensure that the sheet piles are driven with good alignment and verticality. The risks of driving difficulties and problems of de-clutching also can be minimised.

Because a whole panel of piles has been pitched there is no need to drive all piles fully to maintain piling operations. If obstructions are encountered, individual piles can be left high without fear of disruption to the overall efficiency.

Panel driving is suitable for dense sands and stiff cohesive soils or in the case of potential obstructions.

3) Staggered Driving
In difficult soil conditions, panel installation combined with staggered driving is more suitable in driving process.

The piles are installed between guide frames and then driven in short steps as follows: piles 1, 3 and 5 first; then piles 2 and 4.

If the soil is very dense sand, gravel or rock, piles 1, 3 and 5 can be reinforced at the toe. In this case, these piles are always driven first and piles 2 and 4 in the second stage.

Thanks the following website for providing useful information.
Source : Napier | Sheet Pile

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Piling is used to strengthen the soil on ground and able to support the load of building. Piles have to be driving into the ground by using piling machine, there is few different types of piling machine in the market and all of them have different usage. The usage of types of piling machine is depending on the type of piles used, different types of piling machine may affect the procedure of pile driving too. Location of site affect the usage of type of piling machine too, because some of the piling machines make noisy voice and it may affect the nearby resident.

Type Of Piling Machine

1) Bakau Piling Machine

Features :
i) It’s using a type of timber called “Bakau” as pile.
ii) Normally used for single storey house which has lower load.
iii) Lower cost spent.

2) Pile Driver

Features :
i) Hydraulic Pile Driver (long screw drilling machine)
ii) Can drive with longer pile with height of : 21m, 25m, 27m, 30m, 30.4m, 33m, 34m, 36m
iii) Hole diameter : 400mm, 600mm, 800mm, 1200mm
iv) Drilling depth : 17m, 20m, 23m, 26m, 30m, 32m
v) Piling speed : 3.5m/min, 4m/min

3) Rotary Piling Rig

Features :
i) It’s commonly used for railway, road,bridge, public works bridge and large building, etc.
ii) Maximum Hole diameter : 2000mm
iii) Maximum Drilling depth : 60m
iv) Piling speed : 1.5km/hour
v) Efficient and energy-saving engine

4) Nissha D308 / 408 / 508 Piling Machine

Features :
i) Used for spun pile, RC square pile and etc.
ii) Fast driving speed and efficient.

5) Bore piling machine (JZL18-600/JZL45 Crawler type)

Features :
i) It’s used for bored piling.
ii) Bored diameter : 600mm
iii) Bored depth : 18m
iv) Stanchion height : 20.6m
v) Multifunctional Pile Frame

6) Bore piling machine (JZL18-600/JZL45 Crawler type)

Features :
i) It’s used for bored piling.
ii) Bored diameter : 600mm
iii) Bored depth : 21m
iv) Stanchion height : 25.3m

Thanks the following website for providing useful information.
Source : EC21 | Alibaba

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There is many different type of piles in the market, every type of piles has their own procedure of pile driving. Many contractors are not expert in how to drive a pile or procedure of pile driving. Here is a rough procedure on how to drive a pile. Before the piling process is carrying on, soil investigation have to be carried on, so that piling contractor knows what is the condition of soil. If it’s normal soil then the normal piling procedure can be carried on, but if the soil contains rock or stone, another piling procedure will be carried on. The cost for that also will be affected.

Procedure Of How To Drive A Pile

1) Mob Or Bringing Piling Machine To The Site
Firstly, clarify the location that the piling machine has to be moved to. After that, the piling machine will be moving in to the location in site. The piling machine will be set on place.

2) Driving Initial Pile
After bringing in the piling machine, first pile or starter pile or initial pile will be ready to drive in to the ground by following the pile point that shown in the construction drawing. The initial pile will be driven in to the ground until maximum or can’t be driving in anymore.

3) Driving Extension Pile
If initial pile has been fully driving in to the ground, the second pile or extension pile will be jointing to the initial pile and drive again. The extension pile will be driving into the ground until maximum as the initial pile.

4) Cutting Off Pile Head
Let’s say the 6 metres extension pile has been driving in to the round 3 metres depth only and can’t be driving in anymore. The excessive of 3 metres extension pile will be cutting off.

5) Preparation Of Pile Head Or Pilecap
After cutting off the excessive pile, excavate the soil surrounding of the pile about 300mm depth for preparation of pilecap.

6) Load Test
The purpose of load test is to test the strength of the pile. A certain load will be putting on the pile for a certain period. If the concrete pile is crack, which mean the concrete pile is failed to support the load. If the concrete pile left for certain days without any crack, which mean the concrete pile is strong enough to carry the load of the building. Normally load test will be carried on before driving the pile to the ground. If the load test for the concrete pile is failed, then the contractor has to supply another batch of concrete piles.

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